Essay about The Important Role of Lobbyists in Politics...

Public policy is the course of actions taken by the government that includes laws, plans, actions and the behavior of the government. The most effective way to influence public policy would be to lobby for the interest group that supports the problem that needs to be addressed by society and the government. Interest groups are organizations of people with shared goals to influence specific public policies, such as the National Rifle Association wanting to protect gun rights. The representatives for these particular interest groups are called lobbyists, whom are registered to inform the Clerk of the House and the Secretary of the Senate of the issue or laws being addressed, what agencies/branches of the government are being contacted, and†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, lobbyist’s information must be legitimate and neutral, for that misrepresentation of facts and extreme bias may cause them to permanently lose access to politicians and end their careers. In addition to the lobbyist’s individual objective, they are also trusted in other law making processes. Lobbyists are invited to congressional trials to testify different sides to the issue currently being discussed. Their information provides opposing or supporting arguments, so being well prepared and honest is important in aiding vital legislations to be passed or denied with their help. It is also shown how lobbyists and interest groups are essential through the general law making process. In fact, their research teams helps congress and are responsible for drafting over half of all the legislations. The duties and responsibilities of these lobbyists are fulfilled by their devotion to hard and honest work with people from all levels of government and society. In order to be an employed lobbyist, they must spend more than 20 percent of their time serving the interest of their clients. Thus, they are often working forty to eighty hours a week with politicians and the community to rese arch, illustrate, and persuade their positions. Because lobbyists are usually ex-politicians, they have friends in congress or within the executive branch that they are able to meet casually for parties and dinners toShow MoreRelatedGovernment + Food Industry = ? Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesissues in society. Yet, I doubt our founding fathers thought about the idea that the food industry could one day somewhat control our government, which is what we are now facing. Marion Nestles’ arguments in the book Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health deal with how large food companies and government intertwine with one another. She uses many logical appeals and credible sources to make the audience understand the problem with this intermingling. In The Politics of FoodRead MoreTackling Environmental Problems Today Is More Difficult997 Words   |  4 Pagesdaily by political pundits one issue that equally important is usually placed on the backburne r due to political posturing the health of the planet. â€Å"Tackling environmental problems today is more difficult because the nature of the problems has changed: where such problems were once primarily scientific and technocratic in nature, they are now almost exclusively problems of politics†. (Turin) This posturing has become a major issue for society and could lead to dire consequences in the future.Read MoreLobbying and United States3946 Words   |  16 Pagesinterest that exist in all societies. Politics and interests are inseparable. The common goals and sources of interest groups vary widely in their form and lobbying strategies both within and across the globe. This article provides a broad overview that explains the role that interest groups play in society. An interest group is usually a formally organized association that seeks to influence public policy through lobbying. The most important lobbying forces in any society are the various entitiesRead MoreFeatures of Decision Making in a Political System2405 Words   |  10 PagesWHAT FEATURES OF DECISION MAKING IN POLITICAL SYSTEMS INFLUENCE THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS? INTRODUCTION The changing role of law and the need to relate with a transforming society and its citizens has led to a demand on decision making in political systems (Bijsterveld 2010). Due to the variance in the decision making of these systems, interest groups carry out their public affairs (PA) activities in a plethora of ways (Baumgartner 2007) as features such as type of political system, structureRead MoreThe Effects of Pressure Groups on the Government Essay example2250 Words   |  9 Pagespressure groups aim to protect or advance a shared interest. 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As the topic suggests whether everyone and everything is political in this case there is no right or wrong way to argue this point. But I think the best way to approach this essay is to understand the meaning of Politics. What is politics? Politics is an emotive word and can be used in different context by different people. According to Jef Huysmans (2005) Politics is a contest of power and valuesRead MoreAmerican Interest Groups3651 Words   |  15 Pagesof an interest group: â€Å"An interest group is any group that is based in one or more shared attitudes and makes certain claims upon other groups or organisation in the society.† In other words, an interest group is a like company defending its interests with very precise methods. Interest groups are present in all branches of society. They can concern lots of issues, or even just one. For example there are interest groups in areas such as agriculture, economics and labour to mention just a few. 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The Digital Native - 1470 Words

The research introduced in The ‘digital native’ in context: tensions associated with importing Web 2.0 practices into the school setting stands on the constructivist epistemology combined with an interpretivist perspective. Indeed, its main goal aims to understand the nature and extent of importing tools (such as Web 2.0) from everyday settings (such as home) into a more structured context (such as a school). Deep interests in the students’ use of Web 2.0 in and out school and their engagement with this technology emerge from the research. However, trying not to ignore social realities such as the lack of access to technologies and poor technology training, the research also adapts a flavour of social constructivism. It seeks the†¦show more content†¦First, reality cannot be discovered because it does not exist prior to its social appearance. Second, individuals construct meanings through interactions with each other and within their environment. And thir d, significant learning occurs when people are engaged in social actions (Kim, 2001). Delving into the research would lead to make a scrupulous review of the criteria of credibility and integrity, which will be directly related to this qualitative research in the field of digital education. Creswell (2013) suggested that ‘a qualitative research includes emerging questions and pro ¬cedures, data analysis inductively done, and interpretations of the meaning of the data.’ Here the researcher stood as much a part of the process as the participants and data they provided (Corbin Strauss, 2015). Therefore, this research finds different ways to connect the researcher and his research participants, to see the world of social and cognitive commonalities among young people and the Web 2.0 tools, and to enjoy playing with words through thematic analysis. From the previous assumptions, it may be reasonable to suppose that this research was mainly framed in terms of using words with open-ended questions (interview questions) in order to understand and discover the meaning students ascribe to a particular social situation. The use of grounded theory, as the research design, guided the process, so

Music Therapy Healthcare Intervention

Question: Discuss about theMusic Therapy for Healthcare Intervention. Answer: Music Therapy in a Criminal Setting Music therapy refers to a healthcare intervention in which music therapists apply the use of medically approved music in delivering care to the patients. For quality delivery, the music therapists should be well trained and licensed by the relevant authorities. Music therapy is not an alternative form of medicine, but a multidimensional intervention suitable for a wide range of patients including prisoners, students, or mentally-ill patients of all ages (Chen, Leith, Aar, Manger Gold 2016). This is necessary because music therapy has been found to be an effective expressive therapy that has been playing a significant role in safeguarding the patients mental, social and physical needs. When delivering music therapies, a therapy can organize for individual or group sessions in which the patients are expected to participate by singing, listening, dancing, or playing instruments that are of interest to them. During individual therapy, each patient is given an opportunity to rely on the therapist to learn the expected skills (Loewy, Stewart, Dassler, Telsey Homel 2013). On the other hand, group therapy is designed to serve certain groups of patients who are expected to be guided by a therapist in using music to meet identified needs. Evidence shows that the use of music therapy in the prisons has been so successful. Its use in the criminal settings has helped in helping the inmates to deal with many challenges that affect them on day-to-day basis thanks to the efforts of music therapists who have been guided by the principle of professionalism and prioritized the interests of the patients in discharging their duties. Effectiveness Research has established that music therapy can be quite effective in the criminal setting. For very years, music therapy has been a popular intervention in many prisons. Its use has been receiving much support because of the following benefits: First, music therapy has been playing a significant role in enabling the prisoners to reduce stress. It is a common knowledge that prisoners are ordinary people who have been thrown into jail for one reason or the other. The conditions of living, treatment, type of food eaten, seclusion, and isolation from their family members and friends cause a lot of stress to the prisoners. Very many inmates get depressed because they are deprived of the fundamental rights such as freedom of movement, speech, and association that are guaranteed by the constitution. Therefore, to help the inmates address such stressful feelings; they can be offered a music therapy (Ueda, Suzukamo, Sato Izumi 2013). As an entertaining intervention, music therapy can make it much easier for the inmates to minimize the rate of stress. This is why it has been in use in many prisons in which the inmates are expected to forget about their worries and accept to lead a stress-free life just like the rest of the people in the society. The relieving of stress can be a major milestone in the rehabilitation of inmates. Once they are freed from the yoke of trauma, the inmates can get to identify the realities of life, gain self-awareness and acceptance. Secondly, music therapy can be effective in the prison setting because it can give the inmates an opportunity to eradicate the problem of loneliness. Loneliness is a reality that many prisoners have to reckon with. Although all prisoners feel lonely, the degree of loneliness may worsen depending on the type of sentence a prisoner is serving. Offenders convicted for capital offenses such as murder, robbery with violence and terrorism might be put in isolation. This can make them to be lonely hopeless inmates who feel that they are not needed in the society. Indeed, such a challenge of loneliness can be addressed by using music therapy. When the therapists opt for a group music therapy, the inmates can come together and enjoy the therapy as a group (Ueda, Suzukamo, Sato Izumi 2013). This can enable them to interact with one another, build cordial relationships with the therapists and fellow inmates as they get to sing and listen to sweet melodious songs of their choice. However, if le ft to wallow in perpetual loneliness, the inmates lose their social skills and end up becoming antisocial people who can no longer cope up with life out of prison. Thirdly, music therapy can be of great value in the prisons because it can help in addressing the problem of addiction. Despite the fact that not all inmates are jailed for drug abuse, research has revealed that a large number of inmates are battling addiction. Meaning, addiction is one of the major challenges that the prison officers are expected to deal with. Prison setting can make inmates vulnerable to drug addiction because it provides a platform for addicts to interact with non-drug users who might end up getting swayed to drug abuse even after the end of the jail terms (Bunt Hoskyns 2013). One of the proven ways to address addiction is by offering a well organized music therapy. Both individual and group music therapies can be invaluable assets in fighting drug addiction in the prison. Individual and group music therapies can give the inmate a chance to relax, get sensitized, and feel relieved. Through this, the inmates can get to know the dangers of drug addiction and the po ssible ways of stopping drug use. However, this can only be accomplished if the therapist organizes for a one-on-one session with the inmates and allows them to relax, enjoy music and meditate about the imminent challenge of drug addiction that has been troubling their lives. In addition, music therapy, if properly utilized in the prison setting, can play a significant role in assisting the inmates to boost their emotional healings. A large number of prisoners do not have normal emotional feelings. It has been established that many prisoners do not cooperate because of the emotional challenges. Some of them find it hard to freely interact with their colleagues and prison officers because of their temperament (Zhou, Li, Li, Liu, Dang, Wang Xin 2015). Highly emotional inmates are likely to physically or otherwise harm their fellow inmates or prison officers. Therefore, one intervention to use in dealing with this problem is music intervention. By 0rgaizing for periodical and well coordinated music therapy sessions, the inmates can be empowered to be in control over their emotions. Through the support of the therapists, the inmates can rely on music to know everything about emotion, its control and management. For example, when given a chance to listen to s oothing songs of their preference, the inmates can learn to be in control of the moods and thus refrain from habits that can make them to be emotionally-disturbed persons. Moreover, music therapy can be effective in correcting the behaviors of the inmates. When treating the inmates, the therapists do not only use music to entertain, but to instill acceptable and standard codes of behavior expected by the society. When a proper choice of the songs is done, inmates can get to learn about teachings on how to conduct themselves. Here, the inmates get to learn about virtues, manners, conducts and attributes to possess. In fact, music therapy can go a notch higher by enabling the inmates to listen to religious songs that can give them the necessary spiritual connection (Gold, Assmus, Hjrnevik, Qvale, Brown, Hansen, Waage Stige 2014). Once this goal is achieved, the inmates can be effectively rehabilitated to be useful people whose conducts are accepted because they are in conformity to the expected standards. It is because of this reason that music therapy can be relied upon for correcting the behavior of the inmates by making them to be accepted by others. No one can be qualified as reformed if they cannot demonstrate any form of behavior change in conformity to the societal standards. Last, but not least, music therapy can be a valuable tool in addressing the issues of the inmates cognitive development. Apart from helping the inmates to address their physical and social needs, music therapy can be a trusted tool in managing the mental development of the prisoners. The prevalence of mental illnesses has become so prevalent in the prisons since even sane inmates are highly vulnerable to mental disorders (Ueda, Suzukamo, Sato Izumi 2013). The hardships faced by the inmates definitely expose them to mental distresses. This is why experts argue that prison life makes it inevitable for the inmates to experience serious mental disorders like schizophrenia which require serious standard treatment that always lacks in the prisons. Therefore, one effective way of dealing with such challenges is providing a continuous one-on-one group and individual music therapy to the inmates. Music therapy has a relaxation and entertaining capabilities that makes it appropriate for meeti ng the inmates mental health. Methodologies Music therapy is one of the evidence-based interventions in the contemporary society. Its se has been proven to be useful in different settings. Apart from greatly contributing to the treatment of patients at the healthcare facilities, music therapy has been relied upon to address the needs of criminals. However, to be effective in reforming the inmates, music intervention has to be delivered by highly trained and experienced music therapies (Luik 2016). At the same time, there should be a proper choice of the methodology, model and approach to be adopted. However, this should be dictated by many factors such as the nature of the inmates and the level of needs which of course differ from one person to another. Individual Music Therapy For a very long time, music therapists have been engaged in delivering individual-based interventions to the inmates. Here, music therapy sessions are organized and provided to each prisoner. Individual music therapy is preferred because it treats each inmate as a unique person who has diverse needs to address. Therefore, the music therapists create enough time to design music sessions that suit them. Individual sessions can present a therapist with an ample opportunity to equip the inmates with effective social, motor, recreational, communication, and self-expression skills (Luik 2016). These are indeed capabilities that if acquired by the inmates, can enable them to reform and be in the right path of leading an acceptable life. Despite the length of the jail term one is serving, all inmates are expected to reform and go back to the society and lead a meaningful life. This is actually what music therapy can be preparing them during the entire period in the prisons. In order to successfully deliver individual music therapy, the sessions should be properly designed to suit each target client. After acknowledged individual differences in the inmates to be treated, the therapist should carry out extensive research t identify the most appropriate strategy to adopt. Meaning, the individual sessions should be as flexible as possible. To achieve this, the therapist might have to apply behavioral and cognitive models appropriate for each inmate. This is the only way through which the inmates can reap optimal benefit from the sessions. The therapist should provide a conducive and accommodative environment to enable the inmates to enjoy music by actively engaging in a series of activities (Bunt Hoskyns 2013). So, apart from listening to music during the sessions, individual inmates should also sing, analyze song lyrics, dance, write songs, and participate in playing entertaining and thought-provoking musical instruments like guitar, and piano. All in all, music therapy is a better alternative to be relied upon in addressing the plight of the prisoners. Just in the healthcare setting, criminal institutions whose main responsibility is to rehabilitate convicted criminals can greatly benefit from music therapy. If appropriately utilized, music therapy can help the inmates to regain the lost identity and be in the right path of attaining a quality life. Prison life is more challenging than a civilian life in a free society in which everyone is free to exercise their freedom without any form of restriction (Bunt Stige 2014). Apart from losing their freedom, inmates battle a series of mental disorders such as addiction, and trauma. All these are quite disturbing because they can make it hard for the inmate to cope up as expected. It is for this reason that music therapists utilize their time to professionally-handle inmates, to boost their communication, social skills, self-awareness and personal development as they prepare for a life after the prison. Group Music Therapy Apart from organizing for individual music sessions, a therapist can adopt a group intervention in which the clients are divided into different groups based on their characteristics and needs. After the creation of groups, the therapist should go ahead to design music therapy sessions for each of them. From here, the therapist should be ready to start delivering quality interventions by allowing the inmates to listen to music, dance, meditate, compose songs and play musical instruments to help them in acquiring the necessary cognitive, motor, and social skills to enable them cope up with the challenges facing them in the prison. The active involvement of inmates in group therapy can be enhanced by the playing of background music, availing devices like iPods or inviting reputable musicians to perform live before the inmates (Odell-Miller 2016). Once all these are effectively done, no inmate can feel left out because through such sessions, they get a chance to enjoy, relax and get sway ed away from depression and become socially-active. Research has proven that individual music therapy can be a fruitful intervention in the society. By offering a relaxing and entertaining scenario, group therapy can play a significant role in relieving the inmates unnecessary stressful and traumatizing feelings they might have. At the same time, since it creates a platform for many inmates to be together, it can boost the social interaction skills as well as eradicate the problem of loneliness that might has been proven to be posing a great challenge to the inmates (Gold, Assmus, Hjrnevik, Qvale, Brown, Hansen, Waage Stige 2014). With a proper application of music therapy, this will become a thing of the past because inmates will no longer spend time worrying in seclusion, but come together to learn, get entertained, rehearse and share roles with one another. If properly utilized, group music therapy can be a very important strategy in enabling the inmates to be mentally, socially and physically healthy as well as be in the right pa th of adopting a crime-free life. In a nutshell, music therapy can be of great value if delivered by trained and experienced music therapists. It is only such specialists who have a deeper understanding of the individual needs that should be met while the inmates are serving their jail terms. The other important determinant in the success of music therapy is the choice of intervention strategy. Basically, the therapist should deliver individual or group-based interventions in which the sessions are designed to suit respective target clients (Zhou, Li, Li, Liu, Dang, Wang Xin 2015). Each of these strategies is good because, if properly used, they can help in meeting the diverse needs of the inmates. Whereas individual interventions should be designed for each inmate, group therapy should be developed and tailored towards meeting needs of group of inmates whose plights can be effectively addressed using music. Whichever strategy applied, the therapist should divide the therapy into short sessions in which the inmates are guided to continuously listen to, sing along, compose songs and play musical instruments. Music Database Access all music here: https://www.umdmusic.com/default.asp?Lang=EnglishSearch=popWhere=Bands Reflective Journal A systematic review was conducted to review available resources on the effectiveness of music therapy in a prison setting. To do this, the researcher had to formulate all the relevant search words to use. The most relevant search words used are music therapy, music, therapy, prison setting, prison, setting, mental illnesses, stress, trauma and social interactions (Tuastad O'Grady 2013). After entering these words, a total of 113 results were found. These were gotten from many sources including International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, American Journal of Psychiatry, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Australasian Psychiatry, European Psychiatry, International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Evidence-Based Mental Health, and Current Psychiatry Reports. After considering the exclusion and inclusion criterion, decision was made to settle on Music Therapy for Prisoners: Pilot Randomised controlled Trial and Implications for Evaluating Psychosocial Interventions. Music Therapy for Prisoners: Pilot Randomised controlled Trial and Implications for Evaluating Psychosocial Interventions is an article that that was authored by Jrg Assmus, Christian Gold, Fiona Kirkwood Brown, Kjetil Hjrnevik, Leif Waage, Brynjulf Stige, Anita Lill Hansen and Liv Gunnhild Qvale and published by the International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology in December 2014. Here, the scholars present a research on a project carried on prisoners. The research was conducted in 2 phases. During Phase One, a cohort study was performed at a prison. After serious deliberations, the researchers opted for Bjrgvin, a Bergen-based minimum security prison. During the second phase of the project that was of course conducted in the same institution between January 2010 and December 2012 the researchers targeted a total number of 180 participants. The main objective of the study was to find out the effectiveness of music therapy in the addressing mental health challenges affecting inmates in a prison setting. From previous researches, it has been established that mental health has been a major issue of concern in prisoners (Gutgsell, Schluchter, Margevicius, DeGolia, McLaughlin, Harris, Mecklenburg Wiencek 2013). Therefore, to address it, researchers and specialists have to look for the best alternative intervention in the market. One such intervention is the music therapy that is linked to the reduction of mental illnesses as well as helping to facilitate the rehabilitation o f inmates. To adequately respond to the research question, the researchers resorted to the use of Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) in which the inmates were given an opportunity to randomly participate in the trial. Out of the total prison population, 113 inmates accepted to participate in the trial. So, they were subjected to music therapy sessions to measure the effects of music intervention in the boosting of life satisfaction, social interactions and reduction of anxiety, and depression (Wigram, Saperston West 2013). The changes in these factors were measured at the baseline and periodically fortnightly during the first, third and sixth months. However, for better results, the researchers involved two different groups of participants: the experimental and control groups. Each of these groups played a significant role in determining the extent of the impacts of music therapy on the inmates. The whole project was fully funded by a collaborative between different organizations: Helse Bergen (Regional Security Department, Division of Psychiatry), Uni helse (GAMUT), Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre, Kriminalomsorgen region vest (Bjrgvin prison), and the University of Bergen (Department of Psychology). The overall finding was that music therapy has a potential to reduce stress, anxiety and improve social skills as well as the quality of life for the (mentally-ill) inmates. For example, when the results were analyzed, it was established that (d = 0.33, p = .025) of the participants reported a reduction in the level of anxiety within 2 weeks (Chu, Yang, Lin, Ou, Lee, O'Brien Chou 2013). Significance The project was initiated and heavily funded because of the significant contributions it has in public health. As clearly stated in the research problem, the issue of mental illness has been a great challenge amongst the prisoners. So, the researchers had to dedicate their time to effectively conduct the Randomized Control Trial to determine the significance of music therapy in addressing mental health. The concept of Randomized Control Trial can be a brilliant idea if applied in psychiatry. It is one of the best intervention strategies to be applied in conducting extensive studies on various issues of public health concern. The way in which the researchers randomly choose participants and gave them freedom to voluntarily participate in the research can be so effective if replicated (McDermott, Crellin, Ridder Orrell 2013). When applied in public health, the strategy can play a significant role in ensuring that appropriate participants are identified and included in a research work. In this case, it can be possible to carry out a research that can be of public good. The other important concept from this project is about the choice of the setting, general design and the use of comparison condition during the project. As demonstrated in this research, the effectiveness of a clinical intervention can be established if the project is based in the appropriate setting. For instance, in this situation, Bjrgvin was suitable because it is a minimum security prison in which inmates have been incarcerated. At the same time, the inclusion of the experimental and control group can be appropriate in carrying out research studies. It can give the researcher a chance to conduct a study and be able to compare the changes realized in subsequent studies done after the baseline research. Lastly, the project provided insightful information on the roles of music therapy in the life of prisoners. It acts a reference point for professionals who are interested in conducting more research to find out if actually music can be an appropriate intervention in a criminal setting (Luik 2016). It can also equip one with adequate information on how to conduct such studies and get to know about the challenges involved and what measures to take to eradicate them. All these concepts can play a very significant role in conducting future researches on different public health topics in which a research-based intervention can be necessary. References Bunt, L. Hoskyns, S., 2013. The handbook of music therapy. Routledge: London. Bunt, L. Stige, B., 2014. Music therapy: An art beyond words. Routledge: London. Chen, X.J., Leith, H., Aar, L.E., Manger, T. and Gold, C., 2016. Music therapy for improving mental health problems of offenders in correctional settings: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, pp.1-20. Chu, H., Yang, C.Y., Lin, Y., Ou, K.L., Lee, T.Y., O'Brien, A.P. Chou, K.R., 2013. The impact of group music therapy on depression and cognition in elderly persons with dementia: a randomized controlled study. Biological research for Nursing, p.1099800413485410. Gold, C., Assmus, J., Hjrnevik, K., Qvale, L.G., Brown, F.K., Hansen, A.L., Waage, L. and Stige, B., 2014. Music Therapy for Prisoners Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial and Implications for Evaluating Psychosocial Interventions. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58(12), pp.1520-1539. Gutgsell, K.J., Schluchter, M., Margevicius, S., DeGolia, P.A., McLaughlin, B., Harris, M., Mecklenburg, J. and Wiencek, C., 2013. Music therapy reduces pain in palliative care patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 45(5), pp.822-831. Loewy, J., Stewart, K., Dassler, A.M., Telsey, A. Homel, P., 2013. The effects of music therapy on vital signs, feeding, and sleep in premature infants. Pediatrics, 131(5), pp.902-918. Luik, M., 2016. Group music therapy program for recidivous inmates in prison. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 25(sup1), pp.44-44. McDermott, O., Crellin, N., Ridder, H.M. Orrell, M., 2013. Music therapy in dementia: a narrative synthesis systematic review. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 28(8), pp.781-794. Odell-Miller, H., 2016. The Future of Music Therapy in Forensic and Criminal Justice Settings. Helen Odell-Miller. ENVISIONING THE FUTURE OF MUSIC THERAPY, p.53. Tuastad, L. O'Grady, L., 2013. Music therapy inside and outside prisonA freedom practice?. Nordic journal of music therapy, 22(3), pp.210-232. Ueda, T., Suzukamo, Y., Sato, M. Izumi, S.I., 2013. Effects of music therapy on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing research reviews, 12(2), pp.628-641. Wigram, T., Saperston, B. West, R., 2013. Art science of music therapy: A handbook. Routledge: London. Zhou, K., Li, X., Li, J., Liu, M., Dang, S., Wang, D. Xin, X., 2015. A clinical randomized controlled trial of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training in female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy: Results on depression, anxiety and length of hospital stay. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 19(1), pp.54-59.

Women in the 1920s free essay sample

The Nineteenth Amendment, passed in 1919, guarantees all American women the right to vote. The struggle to achieve this milestone was a long and difficult one, beginning win the 1800s with petitioning and picketing (ourdocuments. gov). Although, once it was passed, women felt a sigh of relief, as their voices were finally heard, just in time for a new era that was the 1920s. The 1920s were a time of questioning and contradictions when people, especially women, questioned the ideals of society, leading to conflicts in areas such as religion and politics among others and conflicts between modernists and fundamentalists. Ever since the Nineteenth Amendment passed in 1919, so many doors opened for women. They felt that their voices could finally be heard. It boosted a newfound confidence that made women feel like they could take a part in this culture change. Also advancing in this time period was Science. New discoveries were made, such as methods for birth control. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the 1920s or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since women did feel more freedom to express themselves and share their ideas, the modern woman’s pleas for relief from constant childbearing was heard and accepted by many women who faced the same problems. Margaret Sanger, a supporter of the Birth Control movement, writes, â€Å"Thousands of letters are sent to me every year by mothers†¦ All of them voice desperate appeals for deliverance from the bondage of enforced maternity† (Hoffman, 202). She then goes on to write a volume of letters from women, asking, or rather, begging for her advice and information about birth control. This newfound freedom of expression also felt more comfortable with the power of their sexuality. Women drank and smoked, as well as talk politics, with men, and â€Å"though few women became politicians, millions became flappers. In six years, hemlines went from ankle, where they had been for centuries, to the knee† (Hoffman, 193). Paula S. Fass writes in her essay, â€Å"Sex and Youth in the Jazz Age†, that â€Å"the new attention to sexuality colored a whole range of related behavior†¦ as the fact of freer association between the sexes was accompanied by a basic commitment to freedom of expression† (Hoffman, 210). This led to, as some saw it, major conflicts within social ideals and traditional teachings. For example, because birth control was such a radical idea and did not follow the traditional teachings, Margaret Sanger defends herself and the movement by saying, â€Å"At times I have been discouraged and disheartened by the deliberate misrepresentation of the Birth Control movement by the opponents, and by the crude tactics used to combat it. But at such moments invariably comes back into my mind the vision of the enslaved and supplicant mothers of America (Hoffman 202). Although there were forces repelling against the new era of the 1920s and all the new ideas that came with it, most people saw these changes as progressive. They saw the 1920s as an opportunity to take a step forward, which is why the modernist way of thinking prevailed and progressed to later decades. Women were clearly the defining aspect to the new era of the 1920s.

A Chapter Of My Life Essays - Indian Films, New Delhi India

A Chapter Of My Life Essays - Indian Films, New Delhi India A Chapter of My Life "God helps those who help themselves." This sounds like a simple passage from a religious book, but it has an overwhelming significance in my life. This phrase is greatly responsible for building self- esteem and confidence in me. It can also be credited for transforming a shy, introverted, and confused boy into a very confident and enlightened adult. I neither read the phrase from a book nor heard it at a religious service. I heard these words from someone who really understands the meaning of the phrase. That person's name is Ameet Handa. Ameet is suffering from multiple disabilities. I met him at the institution for the Disabled People in New Delhi, India, where I was sent by the school I was attending in India, to observe and understand the lives of people who are incapacitated. At that time I was on the high school cricket team and I was having problems with my shoulder, which was dislocated from the joint. This incident happened while I was playing cricket with my teammates. I was a fast bowler and my team needed me to win one game in which I hurt myself by throwing the ball. I did not play cricket for almost one year. After one year the school wanted me to play cricket and I played one game. I did not have any problem in that game, but in the second game I broke my hand so badly that I could not lift any we! ight with my hand. My school sent me to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in New Delhi, which was the best hospital in India, for surgery on my shoulder. There I met Ameet Handa who was 20 years old. Ameet was a person of charming personality. In spite of his multiple disabilities, I always saw him smiling. We soon became good friends. The first week before the surgery, when they were treating my shoulder the only place I was aware of was my room in the hospital. One day Ameet came up to me and said, "Bhavesh, what is wrong with you, I have never seen you smile." I told him everything about my shoulder condition, and how I felt about it. He did not say anything at that moment, but after few hours he asked me to accompany him on a trip within the institute. What I saw during that trip was unbelievable. I saw many people whose physical disabilities were worse than mine. There was a girl who was learning to type with her toes, and there was another blind young man who was working on some machine. Ameet looked at me and said, "The difference between you and these people is that you have conceded the battle, and they are still fighting, and many of them are winning the battles of life." He also said that if I thought that I could not do anything, there was no way I could achieve anything in my life. He said, "God helps those who help themselves." This trip opened the closed door of my mind. I realized that life is too precious to waste by worrying about the things that are beyond my control. Ameet's inspiration and the support of my family, friends and teachers have contributed in the success I have achieved. Due to the surgeries, which were performed on my shoulder about six years ago, my shoulder improved a lot. I do not! know what my life would have been like if I had not met Ameet. The first moment after the surgery when I opened my eyes, I did not feel my hand moving. I cried for that moment until the doctor said that my shoulder was fine, but also he told me that I could not play again at least for next six month. I was so happy that I could play again. The one thing I am not happy with is that I can not bowl as fast as I used to bowl. I started playing again after three months, but I miss those days when I was hero of my high school. Life is too short to waste on unimportant matters. I now enjoy every moment of

Clausal Structure in English essay

Clausal Structure in English essay Clausal Structure in English essay Clausal Structure in English essayThe causal structure in English has specific features that are distinct features of English language along with common structures that can be traced in other languages. At the same time, the study of causal structure should uncover the diversity of causal structure existing in English. At any rate, the current study focuses on the revelation of main causal structures and their specificities. The study of causal structure can reveal the main causal structures and clauses that exist in English, while participants of the study can reveal how those clauses and clausal structures are applied.Literature reviewThe clausal structure in English is complex. Researchers (Crystal, 1997) distinguish two major clausal structural elements: the main clause and finite or non-finite clause, which perform different functions respectively to the clause that is used in the utterance. At the same time, researchers (McCawley, 1998) point out that there are diverse types of clauses in English, including coordinate clause and subordinate clause, adverbial clauses, conditional clauses, adjective clauses, and others. However, researchers (Osborne Gros, 2012) agree that, in spite of the diversity of clauses, they still can perform specific functions depending on their use as the main clause or as finite/non-finite clause. At this point, researchers (Kroeger, 2005) place emphasis on the fact that the main clause can stand alone and, therefore, it is independent of the finite or non-finite clause. The latter is, on the contrary, is linked to the main clause and depends on it. As a result, the finite or non-finite element of the clause interacts with the main clause and the interaction or relationship between the main clause and finite or non-finite clause depends on the type of the clause (Radford, 2004). For instance, the coordinate clause implies the existence of the relationship of coordination between the main clause and finite/non-finite clause; the s ubordinate clause implies the relationship of subordination between the main clause and finite/non-finite clause; the conditional clause implies the relationship of condition between the main clause and finite/non-finite clause; and so on (Welty, 2007). In such a way, researchers (Plag, 2003) view the relationship between the main and finite or non-finite clause as the key to the definition of the clausal structure. The type of their relationship determines the type of the clause, to a significant extent.On the other hand, existing studies often focus on specific types of clauses but fail to provide the broader overview of diverse clauses to show the close relationship between the main clause and finite or non-finite clause to show their interaction and the difference between them as major functional elements of the clause. At the same time, the analysis of specific and diverse clauses can help to understand why the main clause is actually independent of the finite or non-finite cla use, whereas the finite or non-finite clause depends on the main clause.Research question and hypothesisThe research question is as follows:What are the major clauses in English and what are their function, distinct features and use in English?The hypothesis of the study is that, in spite of the difference and diversity of clauses existing in English, they may perform different function and play different part as they are either the main clause or finite/non-finite clause which may perform different functions depending on the goal of the utterance and use of the particular clause type.MethodologyThe methodology of the current study focused on the interview in the course of which participants of the study in regard to clauses and their functions and role in utterance and discourse. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the study involves the study of clauses and the survey helps to reveal the major clauses that exist in English and uncover their role and functions which may change depending on the change in the main and finite/ non-finite clause.The study involved professional linguists with the high level of proficiency in English. The involvement of experts in the study is justified by their knowledge in the field of clausal structures in English. Therefore, they could help to determine clauses, their structure, function and use in English today. The current study involved ten linguists, who had different cultural background and had the bachelor degree or higher in the field of linguistics. Experts involved in the study were both males and females, which were equally represented in the study with five men and five women involved in the study.In the course of the study, participants were interviewed and responded to questions concerning clauses and clausal structure in English. Their task was to classify clauses and explain the clausal structure. Responses of the participants of the study have shown their understanding and interpretation of claus es. They determined different types of clauses and commented on the use of clauses in English.Results and discussionIn the course of the study, experts involved in the study identified several types of clauses which had their own distinct features and performed different functions. The choice of the clause often depends on the purpose of the utterance. In this regard, the role of the main clause was particularly important because it could be used independently of finite or non-finite clause, whereas the latter had to be coordinated and condition in respect to the main clause and the purpose of utterance.Coordinate clausesThe simplest sentences may contain a single clause. A simple coordinate clause contains a sentence with more than one clause, which may be considered of equal grammatical importance that means that they are coordinate clauses. Two or more parts of the coordinate clause are joined by a coordinating conjunction, such as and, or, or but. For example:Peter can drive a c ar, he can drive a truck or he can drive a bus.Jane opened her door and John came in.Subordinate clausesSometimes the clauses are placed in the specific order, where the more important ones are main clauses, while the less important are subordinate clauses. The main or coordinate clause could be used independently as a sentence. Instead, a subordinate clause can be used only in a combination within the main clause and serves as a part of a sentence but not as a sentence on its own. A subordinate clause can perform functions of other clause elements, such as subject, object, complement and adverbial. Depending on the function performed by the main clause, it is nominal and adverbial/adjectival if they stand for subject, adverb or adjective respectively.That clause: I believe (that) you have watched the film. (That may be omitted if understood.)Wh- clause: I know what they bought last year. (Clause introduced by who, when, what, why, whether.)-ing clause: I dont recall knowing him at all. (Clause introduced by present participle.)inf. clause: I wish to be with you that day. (Clause introduced by to + infinitive.)Clausal Structure in English essay part 2

Feminist Theory Reader- Critical Analysis Paper Term

Feminist Theory Reader- Critical Analysis - Term Paper Example Shakespearian tragedies were male-centered though some of his female characters like Lady Macbeth in â€Å"Macbeth† and Portia in the tragi-comedy, â€Å"The Merchant of Venice† expressed the glimpse of heroism. The presentation of women as suppressed under the male folk is not specifically the peculiarity of the literature of Shakespeare’s time, but one find it even in modern literatures as found in the plays of the modern dramatist Bernard Shaw. Shaw’s â€Å"Pygmalion† clearly reveals how the girl Eliza Doolittle is suffocating under Professor Henry’s treatment. Therefore, one can infer that history has not marked tremendous changes in the treatment of women in literature even if there were many feminist movements. Nevertheless, one cannot disregard the significant role of the various revolutionary feminist movements occurred during the first part of 19th century and spread all through the following centuries. The mushrooming of the feminis t movements facilitated women writing and witnessed some classical writing, purely challenging male chauvinism in both social and cultural life. Analyzing the feminist theories and writing, one may feel that they have the right claim of equality with the male folk, and should not be considered a second class. McCann & Kim (2003, p.1) identifies that â€Å"The term â€Å"feminism† usually refers in its most general sense to political activism by women on behalf of women.† They have also identified that feminism can be regarded as a movement that started in the 1970s which was actually originated in France in the 1880s. Analyzing the historical origin of the word ‘feminism’ one can see, â€Å"it combines the French word for woman, â€Å"femme,† with the suffix meaning political position, â€Å"ism,† and was used in that time and place to refer to those who defended the cause of women† (McCann & Kim, 2003, p.1). It was the French philosop her, Simone De Beauvoir who first used this term in The Second Sex which later spread all over the world. McCann & Kim (2003, p.1) have clearly stated the claim of feminism when they said thus, â€Å"Feminism involves the implicit claim that the prevailing conditions under which women live are unjust and must be changed.† The feminists also propounded the view that women have the ability to recognize the injustices that they face in their day to day life, and as such, they can change the existing situations. Thus, one can see that the feminists set out various theories that would promote their status totally refuting the present status as second class citizens. McCann & Kim (2003) in their book, "Feminist Theory Reader" explores the important works in feminist theory by incorporating the works of some of the feminists, specifically the women of color and post colonial scholars. These scholars provide both global and local perspectives of feminism by challenging the hegemony o f white, Western feminism, providing an approach to feminist theory for the twenty-first century. This is also to be noted that this approach includes the conversations among postcolonial women and women of color about issues of gender, race, colonialism, and sexuality as paramount to understanding the concerns of feminism (McCann & Kim, 2003). The feminists anthologized in this book are of the opinion that the females should endeavor to attain respect, mutual benefits, equal wages, a voice or presence in male dominated world. They solely have the right of liberty as the country itself has obtained it by

The rewards of living a solitary life by May sarton Research Paper

The rewards of living a solitary life by May sarton - Research Paper Example She notes that the man shockingly discovered that he could enjoy himself alone just as much as he would have been in the company of people (Pike and Acosta). In retrospect, Sarton wonders what the man had been afraid of all along. Nevertheless, having found himself alone, Sarton observes that the man is on the brink of adventure to explore himself and to launch himself into his own inner space. She likens the experience to that of an astronaut in outer space. She posits that the new experience will bring to him freshness that would seem original in the beginning. Moreover, she interjects that anyone able to see for himself using his naked eye becomes a genius for a moment or two. On the other hand, when our perception is influenced by other people’s ideas, the original impact becomes diffused or gets lost (Pike and Acosta). One may ask, are we alone or do we exist as a single cell in a population of a billion other cells in the universe? We may argue that it all depends on what life one chooses to live and what benefits one the most. May Sarton opines that solitude is the salt that flavors personhood. Arguably, solitude helps one discover himself or herself away from the interferences accrued from interacting with other people. She retorts that being alone does not necessarily mean that one is lonely. Furthermore, people do feel lonely even in the company of others. She observes that people feel lonely in the company of their lovers and others because people suffer from their differences in taste , mood and temperament. Human interaction demands that people soften their perception and withdraw at the fear of hurt. However, being alone enables one to explore oneself wholly at whatever place, whichever time (Pike and Acosta). Quite a fascinating luxury, if I may add! May Sarton provides a description of her life and apparently her schedule throughout the day. It

Research Methods in the Social Sciences Assignment

Research Methods in the Social Sciences - Assignment Example The subject which is unable to be examined could not be selected for conducting a social research. Keeping in view the fundamental principles of social research, the researcher aims to conduct his research work on the following topic: The researcher will write a brief outline of the entire research procedure in the Abstract of the research, in which the research topic, theoretical framework, hypothesis and research tools and techniques will be discussed. In addition, the researcher will describe the universe selected for his study. The first chapter of the research will consist of introduction, in which the causes of selecting the topic and significance of the topic will be discussed. Statement of the problem will also be the part of the chapter, in which the researcher will define the problem in details and objectives of the study will also be described in a precise way. The following hypothesis will be developed for the present study: The second chapter of the research will consist of the literature relevant to the study. The researcher will explain the studies have already been conducted on the same and similar topics. These studies might be on social classes, leisure time, social discrimination and the patterns of recreational activities. Chapter three will carry theoretical framework, in which Thorstein Veblen’s Theory of Leisure Class (1912) and Social Stratification Theory developed by Davis & Moore (1945) will be explained with reference to the present research. The researcher will interlink these theories with his research work. Chapter four of the present study will describe the universe and sampling procedure. Since the researcher aims to conduct his study in New York City, the universe will be the people belonging to divergent social and cultural classes of New York. Quantitative methods of research will be applied in this

Effect of Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on Labor Supply

Effect of Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on Labor Supply Michael Lederman How does the EITC affect labor supply? The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) provides a tax credit for those who qualify with positive earnings, low income, and minimal capital gains. It is more so directed at working families, whether it is 2 parents or a single mother. It is intended to push more people into the work force, especially low-income women. In fiscal year 1998 the EITC is expected to cost the federal government $24.5 billion, $7 billion of which will result from expansions incorporated in the 1993 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA93) (Houser Scholz, 2). It pushes for a â€Å"make-work pay† strategy of welfare reform so people do not rely as heavily on welfare programs. There are many articles that discuss what effect the Earned Income Tax Credit has on labor supply in America and the way the policy has affected so many. In â€Å"The Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit and Social Policy Reforms on Work, Marriage, and Living Arrangements† by Ellwood, he examines how changes in social reforms, such as the EITC, have impacted labor supply, marriage, and cohabitation. Ellwood acquired and used the current population survey from March 1995 of women ages 18-44 who worked at least 26 weeks, also separating between married or single, with children. Then he used a wage equation to predict a potential 1998 wage for the women. Then the predicted wage was used to place the women into predicted wage/skill quartiles after accounting for education level. The incentives were much higher for low skill single mothers to work. Differentiating the women between skill and wage levels is critical in determining which group of people receives benefits and which don’t get affected at all. In 1986, she could hope to earn just $2,800 more and her effective tax rate being 76 percent; but by 1998, the number ha d jumped to $7,600 with her effective tax rate falling to 31 percent (Ellwood). The lowest quartile showed the greatest amount of change, and the following quartiles showed change, but nothing too drastic. Employment rates were rising for unmarried mothers. For married women, incentives to work were sharply reduced for low-income women, with effective tax rates falling slightly for women in other quartiles. A large change in work by the lowest quartile occurred with employment rates shooting up from 34 percent in 1992 to 55 percent in 1999. In regard to married women, some cases led to them being discouraged to work. Roughly 54 percent of married women in the bottom quartile would have faced penalties up to $1,288 (had they been earning $10,000) whose husbands likely were earning less than the EITC maximum. Another 28 percent would have had no incentive to work because their husband’s income surpassed the EITC maximum. The EITC encouraged more work force participation by sing le mothers, but hadn’t had such an effect on married mothers. Overall, based on the number of mothers in each group affected, this article concluded the EITC results in a net increase of working women. In â€Å"The Earned Income Tax Credit and Transfer Programs: A study of Labor Market and Program Participation† by Dickert and Scholz, they focus on the degree to which welfare policies, like the EITC, that alter after-tax wages affect hours of work, labor market participation, and welfare program participation. They used the following empirical model to study the effect of wages, taxes, and program benefits on labor market and program participation; bivariate probit models of labor market and transfer program participation. They included variables for income, transfers, and demographic characteristics in both participation equations. Two models are estimated separately: one for one-parent families and the other for primary earners in two-parents families. Net wages are key in influencing participation when it comes to the EITC. The empirical results for the single parent model found that net wages positively affected labor market participation. A 10 percent increase in the af ter-tax wage raises the single parent’s probability of working by two percent (Dickert Scholz). Two-parent families do not show any significant changes in labor market decisions for primary earners. Tax rates were also found to exert a strong negative effect on the probability of labor force participation. For single parents, the probability of working generally increases with predicted wage rates. In the bivariate probit model for single-parents families, a highly significant negative correlation is found between the labor market and transfer program participation. The article also examines the offset between the new participants in the labor force and the decrease in hours worked by those already working. The simulations show the EITC increases net wage of single parents by 15 percent, which in turn increases their probability of working by 3.3 percentage points. Assuming they work on average 20 hours a week for 20 weeks a year, this implies hours worked by single-parent f amilies would increase by 72.8 million hour per year (Dickert Scholz). Overall, the simulation results imply that greater labor market participation will lead to an increase of 74.4 million hours, compared to the 54.5 million hours less worked by those already in the work force, more than enough to offset. This article accounts for both the positive and negative effects EITC has on the labor force, and explains how the two cancel each other out with extra benefits to society. In the article â€Å"Welfare, The EITC, and the Labor Supply of Single Mothers† by Meyer and Rosenbaum, they focus on the effect that tax and transfer program had on incentivizing single mothers to work. They use the Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group Files and the March CPS files. Estimates from these specifications suggest that EITC and other tax changes account for 60 percent of the 1984-1996 increase in employment of single mothers (relative to single women without children). The article highlights the fact that the EITC credits increased from $1.6 billion in 1984 to $25.1 billion in 1996. A structural model was created, which accounts for taxes, welfare, Medicaid, welfare waivers and time limits, training and childcare, education, unemployment rate and macroeconomic conditions, and hours worked. These variables of empirical evidence are absolutely essential when making informed policy decisions. Every factor must be taken into account when making policy dec isions, and the more evidence and information you get involved, the more solidified your conclusion. A one thousand dollar reduction in income taxes if a woman works increases employment last week by 2.7 percentage points and last year by 4.5 percentage points; labor supply of single mothers responds to taxes. A one thousand dollar reduction in annual welfare maximum benefit increases employment last week by 3.4 percentage points and increases employment by 3 percentage points. Also, a 10 percent cut in the maximum benefit increases both annual and weekly employment rate by 1 percentage point (Meyer Rosenbaum). The period between 1984 and 1996 where tax and transfer policy was being pushed encouraged single mothers to work more. The one flaw I can find in this article is no discussion about the different phases that EITC entails. An individual experiences different incentives at different points of the EITC, and that is something that must be accounted for. A matter in question I believe needs changing is a way to figure out how to get change the fact that two-thirds of recipients, and 84 percent of total earnings, are in the phase-out range of EITC (Browning). It must be more focused on the phase-in region, where the growth of labor supply is actually occurring. The favorable benefits and results happen during the phase-in region, but sadly this is a small proportion of the population of recipients. A policy recommendation I would suggest would be to somewhat change the structure of the EITC to prevent this waste of money from transpiring. Perhaps a brand new welfare program needs to be put into place instead of the EITC that focuses more on the increased net wages for those who truly need it. An possible option would be for a recipient entering the phase-out region to report their earnings so that it may be determined whether they still should qualify to receive these net wage increases. In conclusion, these articles all feed off of one another to build up knowledge of the exact effects the EITC has on society. Single mothers experience higher incentives to join the work force, along with other low-income individuals. When structuring a model to research the effect of policy, it is crucial to take every variable into account. The EITC does cause decrease hours worked, but the increase in labor supply makes up for it. Increased net wages with the EITC is a big enough incentive to push people into work. It is important to doubt empirical methods and be suspicious of results. For example, some women with children may not be able to work to due the need to take care of their children, or any other possible factors as so. With the evidence stated here, we can claim EITC positively affected labor supply. Reference List Browning, E. K. (1995). EFFECTS OF THE EARNED INCOME TAX CREDIT ON  INCOME AND WELFARE. National Tax Journal, 48(1), 23-43. Dickert, S., Houser, S., Scholz, J. K. (1995). The earned income tax credit and  transfer programs: a study of labor market and program participation. In  Tax Policy and the Economy, Volume 9(pp. 1-50). MIT Press. Ellwood, David T. 2000. â€Å"The Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit and Social  Policy Reforms on Work, Marriage, and Living Arrangements.† National Tax Journal, no. 4: 1063-1105. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost Meyer, B. D., Rosenbaum, D. T. (2001). Welfare, the earned income tax credit, and  the labor supply of single mothers.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,116(3), 1063-1114. Michael Lederman

Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases    With all the talk about the global warming and climate change, including international debates focused on the viability of reduced gaseous emissions, one centrally-important consideration often gets ignored. It turns out that the greenhouse gases that contribute to warming the earth constitute only about 1 percent of all gaseous atmospheric material. And if one considers only the subset of these gaseous molecules whose concentrations are thought to be altered by human activities, their atmospheric contribution drops to well below 1 percent. In the past 50 years we have begun to realize that these additions to our atmosphere, which come primarily from fossil fuel burning, will likely have significant impacts on human and ecosystem health and welfare. Simply put, these ''new'' gases, despite their low relative concentrations, have and will continue to demand our attention from political and economic points-of-view. Remarkably, albeit so small in percentage terms, greenhouse gases are critical to our maintenance of a planetary atmosphere conducive for life. Recognizing how such a minute portion of our atmosphere affects humans so significantly is a first step towards understanding why seemingly small quantities matter and likely a requisite step for living in a sustainable way. (Quantities are small in relative percentage terms, but in net emission terms, the U.S., alone, emitted a staggering 89 billion pound of CO2-equivalent greenhouse gas in 1998!) Probably the resource most taken for granted in this world is the air, particularly the oxygen that we breathe. Most of us could last several weeks without food and a few days without water, but very few of us can survive for more than minute or so without air. Both humans and animals need a constant supply of oxygen or our bodies shut down. Thankfully, the atmosphere is plentiful with this resource. Currently, the oxygen (chemically, O2) that we require takes up nearly 21 percent (by volume) of the air that we breathe; most of what we breathe in is nitrogen (N2, dominant to the tune of 78 percent) which, strangely enough, has little known purpose ingested into the body in gaseous form. Now while this vital resource is found in relative abundance, other essential gaseous resources are much less common.

Principles of Management Assignment Essay

All four managers agreed that there was a difference between managing and leading, which means there is no gap. They all defined managing as process, procedures, task focused and results; compared to leading, which was focus on developing people. The positive benefit is it helps implement new processes the within the Contact Centre at MPI because all levels of management have a clear understanding that leading is people development and managing is a task focus. Key to Staff Motivation The key to staff motivation is similar with all four managers; therefore, no real gaps exist. They all agreed that recognizing individual difference, matching people to jobs, what builds up that employee, asking for staff opinions, being part of the solution and inspire them to buy in to the organization plan. The positive benefit to the Contact Centre is making people feel they are part of the solution. In addition, what they do makes the Contact Centre successful. Management are able to outline the expectation and make everyone accountable for his or her actions. As the managers understand the key to motivate staff, it will help when implementing new procedures and having staffed involved in the implementation at the beginning stages with the Contact Centre. Opinion on Expedition The most efficient way of getting people to do things, for all four managers was to communicate expectations and the understanding of why it is important to complete the request. There was no gap with each level of management, starting from the supervisor, to assistant managers and the department manager. They all agreed that providing direction, communicating, understanding and giving guidance to employees on completing the task. This would be a positive benefit to the managers because they will have staff to perform the daily tasks needed to run a contact centre. As all managers, do not use one specific type of motivation factor to influence and engage staff to work efficiently and effectively within the Contact Centre. Communication When discussing the best way to communicate with staff, all four levels of managers agreed that there are various methods to use and, depending on the situation, figuring out what works best. Between the four people, there is no gap with what they state regarding how to communicate information whether it is formal or informal. They all agreed that using the right tool to convey a message would be by email or in person. Communication is the transfer and understanding the meaning of information. This would be a positive benefit as it is important to keep the lines of communication open between front line staff up to management. This would help with relating feedback to existing performance goals and clear expectations. This includes: Giving specific feedback tied to observable behaviour or measurable results. Channel feedback toward key results areas and things the can do something about. Give feedback as soon as possible. Give positive feedback for improvement, not just results. Focus feedback on performance, not personalities. Speak directly and without judgement and base feedback on accurate and credible information. This positive benefit would help staff motivation and understanding new process and procedures to perform them effectively and efficiently to better help our customers. Responsibility for Change When asked who is responsible for change in an organization all four managers agreed that everyone is responsible for change. No gap exists between the four managers and the current practices. The positive benefit to not having gaps is that all levels of management are setting the tone through management behaviour when implementing any change. From managers to employees, everyone needs to be positive role models because everyone is responsible for change. It helps to know the best way for change is employee’s participation and creation of a climate with a high level of trust. Implementing Change in an Organization There is no gap between all four manages on their view of how they think change is best implemented in an organization. They all agreed that providing a clean timeline, planning, objectives and communicating outcomes  is shared with right group of staff. This has a positive benefit to the organization’s culture, since management realizes that change can be difficult to introduce because employees are often committed to old ways of doing things. In addition, management realize how to deal with employee stress while undergoing change. For the positive benefit to be effective, management realizes they need to communicate clearly, involve the necessary employees, share information and have employee buy in to have change be implement efficiently. Drives Change in Organizations There is not a real gap between all four mangers in what drives change in an organization. All four mangers, agreed there are internal and external factors that drive change in an organization such as: growth, technology, customer, politics, business, employees, and market needs. However, being different levels in management the internal and external forces of change differ in position and chain of command. The positive benefit with different points of view is shared by communicating from the bottom to the top manager. Everyone receives a broader view of the changes effecting the organization from front line supervisor to manager. The changes that effect an organization are structure, people and technology. To have views from different levels of management on how these types of change happens in one department, helps give a better understanding to how to handle the change with staff. This is a positive benefit on implementing any change as all levels of mangers work together to help staff understand and motivate the change fundamentally. Top Three Challenges facing Management and Leadership There exists a gap in the four levels of management on their views of what are the top three most pressing challenges facing management and leadership. The challenges differ with each level of management are as followed: corporate approval, amount of changing adversity in MPI, demographic change in the workplace, creating ownership and accountability in the organization, customer expectations, management change, workload and developing in your owner position and trying to develop other employees. These gaps between all levels of management have a combined result of being both a positive benefit and a negative impact implication for the future organization of MPI. The positive benefit is each level of management focus on a different challenge  that can be developed or changed to help employees and the company. For example the roles of each level of management is different in the Contact Centre so working with challenges facing management and leadership when addressed proactively they benefit the future goals of the organization. As they work together to implement any change or add new procedures, they realize they all have different challenges that effect their role. The negative impact is having these different challenges does not necessary mean that they are working towards the same goal. For example, if implementing any change within the Contact Centre, they do not realize the different challenges with each other. The result is they will have trouble understanding the changes that are required to implement to staff that will affect the future organizational goals.

Solution Focused Therapy

Solution Focused Therapy Therapists, who rely on solution focused therapy, emphasise the role of exceptions or the situations when a person managed to cope with a problem that usually seemed insurmountable. Moreover, these practitioners lay stress on the idea that a patient has the strength to overcome such difficulties on a regular basis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Solution Focused Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper includes the discussion of a video that exemplifies the main techniques included in solution focused therapy. In particular, this video shows how a practitioner can help a person control the outbursts of anger. The task of this professional is to assist an individual in changing his/her views on a certain difficulty. These are the main issues that can be distinguished. The principles of solution focused therapy were formulated by Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer (Sharry, 2007, p. 132). This method is aime d at helping clients discover the way in which their difficulties can be overcome. This paper will explore the role of exceptions in this method. In particular, exceptions can be viewed as those situations when a person was able to cope with his/her challenges. Apart from that, much attention should be paid to the amplification of exceptions. In other words, a therapist should highlight the idea that small successes can be transformed into a norm. To some degree, this discussion will be based on the role-playing video illustrating a hypothetical interaction between a patient and a therapist. Overall, this video can give viewers deeper insight into the use of solution focused therapy.  It is important to mention that solution focused therapy is based on the assumption â€Å"that are always exceptions to the problems† (Sharry, 2007, p. 39). In other words, there are situations when a person is able to overcome a certain difficulty. There are various factors that can influence the behavior of individuals and their relations with other people. More importantly, in many cases, people forget about such situations. Furthermore, they do not analyse them (Sharry, 2007, p. 39). This is why they often feel helpless. In turn, the task of a practitioner is to urge people to recollect such cases. In part, this principle is reflected in the video. It should be mentioned, a patient is a woman who has problems with anger management (Loveland, 2012). So, she often quarrels with her husband. The practitioner asked her to remember those cases when she did not lose her temper (Loveland, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, he encouraged her to think about the reasons why she was able to control her emotions. Overall, it is possible to argue that this discussion is the first step to identifying solutions to the challenges faced by people. Thus, pati ents’ perceptions can change.  Apart from that, solution focused therapy involves the need to â€Å"amplify the exceptions† (Sharry, 2007, p. 39). In other words, one should encourage a person to think about those qualities that are useful for addressing a certain problem. Moreover, a patient can be asked to speak about his/her experiences on such occasions. This discussion is very important because it demonstrates that a certain problem can be resolved. This approach has been exemplified in this video. For instance, the patient mentioned deep breathing that often prevented her from venting her spleen on other people (Loveland, 2012). Moreover, they talked about such a method as counting from one to ten. The amplification of exceptions is necessary because it makes an individual feel more confident. Furthermore, the feeling of helplessness does not affect an individual very strongly . One should keep in mind that the emphasis on exceptions can be useful for solving o ther problems. For instance, one can speak about work stress, conflicts with relatives and co-workers, or ineffective time management. So, this form of therapy has been used in different settings. This video highlights the importance of other techniques; for instance, the therapist relied on the so-called â€Å"miracle questions† which prompted person to imagine that every problem had been effectively addressed (Sharry, 2007, p. 39; Loveland, 2012). This approach highlighted the idea that it would be easy to overcome a certain problem. Overall, this questioning technique has been rather helpful. Admittedly, one should remember that it is only a role-playing video illustrating a hypothetical interaction between a patient and a practitioner. In real life, therapists may not face considerable challenges. For instance, it may be difficult for a person to recollect those cases when a certain challenge was effectively overcome. Apart from that, he/she can be very irritated. Neverth eless, this strategy chosen by the practitioner can be applied in various setting if a therapist displays empathy for a person. Overall, this discussion indicates that exceptions play an important role in solution focused therapy. They are vital for showing that a patient has the strength to cope with a specific challenge. Many people are adversely affected by the lack of confidence. In turn, one should change people’s views on their difficulties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Solution Focused Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So, it is important to explore those cases when an individual could address a certain psychological problem or at least reduce its impacts. The chosen video exemplifies the main peculiarities of this technique. It seems that this approach can benefit patients who may encounter various difficulties. Reference List Loveland, D. (Executive Producer). (2012, Apr. 11). Solution Focu sed Brief Therapy  (SFBT) Demonstration [Video file]. Sharry, J. (2007). Solution-Focused Groupwork. New York, NY: SAGE.

A New House-Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits Essay Example

A New House A New House-Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits Paper A New House-Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits Paper Purchasing a new home is a major financial decision people make when they are able to. Their ability to make this decision is largely determined by how well the economy is performing. Marginal costs and marginal benefits The strength of an economy can greatly affect the marginal costs of home ownership. This is done by allowing the home buyers to see the amount of home they are able to obtain at various points in the economy. When interest rates are lower, consumers are able to get more house for the same amount of money, as opposed to when they re higher. Marginal benefits are also affected by the strength of the economy since it allows consumers to easily see what they could get by purchasing a home, as opposed to renting. Tax deduction removal If the annual tax deduction on mortgage interest was removed, it could have a great affect on those that finance their homes. Since the amount they are credited with on their taxes can be up to several thousand dollars, it can mean many people are going to be without the potential savings safety net they could have once they file the following year. Despite eventually being able to own the home outright, some buyers may not see a difference with renting since there Is no benefit Involved. Changes in government spending and taxes When the government Introduces or takes away special programs, It makes a difference to those purchasing homes. A good example of that was the recent $8000 tax credit for making a home purchase. This was Introduced to help save the mortgage industry by giving more people the opportunity of homeownership with a government Issued credit. It served as a balance to the stricter loan requirements banks were going by as well.

Click on the link to read the information Assignment

Click on the link to read the information - Assignment Example Harmful algal blooms are uncontrolled breeding of algae in the aquatic environment. Some produce harmful chemicals in lakes or oceans, but even non-toxic blooms are also harmful to the environment. Harmful algal bloom produces dangerous chemicals that can contaminate marine life. Harmful algal bloom results in massive death of aquatic life. Human illnesses caused by harmful algae are because of consumption of seafood contaminated with toxins from algae. These diseases are paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and ciguatera poisoning. Mote marine laboratory and South Florida University use robots immersed under water in the study of red tides. Red tide is a name of an algal bloom induced by species of algae well known as dinoflagellates. This type of algal bloom exhibits red colour. Local authority for instance at Tampa Bay, are trying to control it by frequently monitoring the bloom and harvest water for laboratory analysis. ht tp://mote.org/news/florida-red-tide / Web.29 Jan. 2015 Water fluoridation poses several health risks to human beings, mainly children. The right measured quantity, which has the adverse consequence on the community, is not easily determined. High amount of fluoride in water is mainly likely to result in dental fluorosis. The rate of exposure causes severity of the ailment. Fluoridation is also efficient and cheap way of improving dental health in a society. Several studies indicate children who have ingested fluoridated water to optimal levels suffer less tooth decay. Fluoridation of water also prevents tooth among seniors in communities. Based on the reasons above I would not support fluoridation of water. Creation of pathogenic or fatherless embryo may result in the formation of animal-human hybrids caused by fusion of animals and human cells. It also does not require sperm to produce a new living being. Due to these reasons, religions

Select ONE Retailer of Your Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Select ONE Retailer of Your Choice - Essay Example If the global sales and domestic market share of the company is taken into account then it is found that the company is the largest British retailer by far. The profit of the company exceeded ?2 billion for the year 2008 and it is believed that the profit will be much higher in the year 2009. The company mainly focuses upon food and drink but it has also started dealing in clothes, financial services, internet services etc. â€Å"Tesco started life in 1919 when Jack Cohen started selling surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. Mr. Cohen recorded a profit of ?1 from total sales of ?4 on his first day.† (A History of Tesco) The brand Tesco first appeared in the year 1924 when Jack Cohen supposedly bought a tea shipment from Mr. T. E Stockwell. The year 1929 marked the opening of a store in North London and the company rapidly developed from there on. The head quarters of the company was first established in North London in the 1930s. In the year 1932 the compan y became a private limited company, another feather in the cap of Tesco. Expansion of the Company The expansion of the company traces back to the year 1950 when the company quickly bought rival shops so as to expand and compete with other Giants. In another endeavor to do so, the company bought as many as 70 William stores and an unprecedented 200 Harrow stores. 1960s saw a revolution in the supermarket trend, the stores started selling more products in larger shops and Tesco was quick to capitalize on the very same opportunity. In the year 1961, the Guinness book of records acknowledged that Tesco was the largest store in the whole of Europe and more growth followed as the company opened another Superstore in Sussex. â€Å"Supermarkets once and for all changed the way people shopped and by the 1970s Tesco was building a national store network to cover the whole of the UK, which it continues to expand to this day, while also making other products available to its customers.† (A History of Tesco) The company recorded annual sale of ?1bn in the year 1979 and the sales doubled by the year 1982. The year 1987 was historical for the company as the company completed a successful takeover of their supermarket rivals Hillards for a whopping ?220m. The term superstore was an alien term but Tesco was the first company to introduce this term, the term referred to two aspects of the company, namely the size of their store and secondly the vast choice of inexpensive food and other items to choose from. The appearance of the stores mattered a lot and in order to ensure that the stores looked great, the company spent massive amount in order to put some daylight between their competitors. The company also took into account the parking space for the customers and ensured that their customers were provided with enough space and a wide range of products to choose from. The company was the first to install enhanced lightning and also widened its aisles. The company extensi vely worked on providing its customers with fresh food items to choose from. The company stopped depending on the manufacturers by opening a centralized warehouse to cater to the demands of its various stores spread across the whole of Europe. The company teamed up with Marks & Spencer to establish stores in all major cities, in an attempt to do so the company established a 65,000 square foot superstore which was

Polynomial function Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Polynomial function - Assignment Example Conclusion: It is clear that the prediction about that nonic expression is true. The graph will remain the same till the infinite value of x. however, graph is not a straight inclined line, and thus hypothesis is not perfectly true. A part of the hypothesis is true as the graph of the nonic function is each case passes through the origin and lay in two quadrants. Moreover hypothesis is also true that it ranges from -∞ to +∞; however, the graph of the nonic function is not always a straight line. The graph may have three turning points and do not always remain a straight line. However, it will always remain in two quadrants. It is not possible to attain a solution for the nonic degree polynomial expressions with the methods developed and designed to solve the lower degree polynomial expressions. On the other hand, calculation by researchers and mathematicians are done only up to sixth degree polynomial expressions. The solution of nonic degree polynomial involves the algebraic comparison with the symbolic equation of similar degree. The first step of the solution is the decomposition of the nonic degree expression in novel manner. The two factors attained as the result of decomposition of nonic degree expressions are fourth degree polynomial expression and other is fifth degree polynomial expression. The decompositions and factorization method that we will involve in the solution of nonic degree expressions will eventually give expression that can be solved in radicals

Social Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Social Responsibility Essay Economy is a main component is of having a healthy society not suffering from unemployment and inflation. How is it possible to have social responsible executives acting as agents and not as political officials? (Freidman, 1970). †¢The role of the government is to set a balance between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. Thus, there must be a set of regulations on corporate executives in order not play the role of an elected political official and by not having the complete control in navigating the economy through inflation or deflation. †¢Thus, as indicated by Freidman (1970), this is the basic reason why the doctrine of social responsibility involves the acceptance of the socialist view that political mechanisms, not market mechanisms, are the appropriate way to determine the allocation of scarce resources to alternative uses.(p.3) †¢Therefore, Friedman shares this concept with Cohen in relation to managers and critical leadership of executives. †¢In relation to which aligns best with green environment? Friedman, Cohen and Drucker concepts align with the current business climate promoting a safe environment. What differs is in relation to how far the balance is applied between the social responsibility of a corporate executive and by taking the role of government officials in controlling the economy. †¢Drucker explained the role which must be played by the businessmen in relation to public good, knowing the fact that governments are incapable of completing all obligations. Thus, the question arises: how far is the limit set on corporate executives? The question is crucial in order to avoid the consequences of what Freidman (1975) indicates: †He becomes in effect a public employee, a civil servant, even though he remains in name an employee of a private enterprise.†(p.3) †¢The problem arises when benefits and profits conflicts with the environmental protection. †¢The negligence towards the environment is justified by the reliance on the technological advancement of the future which will heal any damage committed nowadays by companies. Thus, is it justifiable to increase the benefits of a company even though its profits are aimed at supporting ecofriendly technological advancements? †¢Furthermore, statements such as indicated by (Freeman, York and St ewart, 2008), â€Å"Maybe global warming is a simple weather pattern that will reverse in five years.† (p.5) could be justified through scientific evidence conducted by companies having interest in neglecting the environment and increasing its profits. Thus, the critical leadership as indicated above by Drucker in relation to corporate executives is being fulfilled towards the companies interests as well the environment. †¢In addition, lobbying plays a huge role in political campaigns and elections which can surpass the socialist view of freidman by having leaders of private enterprise supporting candidates solely for their economic advantages and neglecting environmental protective policies whether through the national or international level. Cohen, W. A. (2009). What Drucker taught us about social responsibility. Leader To Leader 51, 29-34 http://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=35755461site=ehost-live Beebe, G. (2012). Character formation. Leadership Excellence, 29, (6), 20 http://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=76463146site=ehost-live Drucker, P.(1981). What is business ethics? Public Interest, 63, 18-36 http://www.nationalaffairs.com/doclib/20080708_1981632whatisbusinessethicspeterfdrucker.pdf Friedman, M. (1970). The social responsibility of business to increase its profits. New York Times 32-33, 122-124, 126 http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.html

The Perception of Change :: Transportation, Driving, Change Blindness

You can miss obvious signs while driving because your mind was wandering, listening to the radio, talking on your cell phone, or even talking to the passenger in your car. Change blindness is the difficulty noticing large changes in your visual senses that are normally easy to be seen (Simon, 2005 ). A main factor in change blindness is attention which is needed to see change (Simon, 2005). The perception of a change occurs when the attention is on the object being changed (Rensink, 1997). Changes to items in a central location are easier to detect than objects elsewhere and the objects that are in the same physical distance (Simon, 2005). Your attention can be distributed to 4-5 items at a time but only detect one change at that moment which is called change simultagnosia (Simon, 2005). Inattentional blindness was first studied by Ulric Neisser and his colleagues in the 1970s. Their study involved subjects viewing an attention-demanding task video where groups of players passing a ball. Subjects were asked to watch one group pass the ball back and forth while ignoring the other group who passed the ball. While this was taking place a woman carrying an umbrella walked through the scene which many subjected failed to notice (Simon, 2010). Simons and Chabris replicated this experiment by using a woman dressed in a gorilla suit that stopped in the middle of the video and thumped its chest for 9 seconds and only 50% of viewers noticed. The gorilla video is a well-known video on visual awareness with about 90% of people say they would notice the gorilla. A new video was later made in front of a green screen so that they could change the color of the curtain behind the event taking place. They had the gorilla walk through the scene stopped and faced the camera while he thumped his chest then left the scene. The curtain colored changed along with a player of the black team left the scene (Simons, 2010). (Beck, 2001) Detecting visual change in the environment is important and it is reported that people are poor when detecting the change during a screen flicker which causes the blindness to occur. When you divide your attention between two tasks you pay less attention to the second one than the primary task (Beck, 2001).

Women in the Developing World Essay example -- Female Females Women Es

Women in the Developing World Studies of political and economic change in the developing worlds usually say little or nothing about women’s issues. In the past two decades, two factors have contributed to the new understanding of women in developing nations: the emergence of feminist or gender-related social science research and the growing awareness by policy planners that women play an important role in the modernization process. Third world women, just as woman in industrialized nations, are largely represented in particular occupations. The majority work in agricultural employment or jobs that are unregulated by the state, such as street vendors and small businesses. Similarly, as in industrialized nations, Third World professional women are over-represented in such professions as nursing and teaching. Divisions between women’s and men’s work have obvious economic and political implications. Evidence of gender inequality and exploitation of women exist in most societies, yet some of the worst cases are found in the developing world. The murder of some five thousand woman annually in India by dissatisfied husbands; the enslavement of women working in Pakistan’s brick-making industry; wife beatings in Zambia and the Andes; and the sale of child brides are only a few of the many instances of women’s subservient status in many Third World countries. Less dramatic examples of gender inequality include divorce laws that favor husbands; the restricted opportunities for women’s employment in universities, the professions, and higher-paid blue collar jobs; and the double clay that woman must frequently face (coming home from a long day’s work and having to do all the housework and child care). After years of neglect, man... ...dership positions. The Third World is surely no exception. During the mid-1980’s, women constituted only six percent of the national legislators in Africa and only two percent of all cabinet members. Throughout the developing world, United Nations surveys repeatedly show that even in countries where women are active professionally, their level of responsibility as policy-makers and planners is low. Analysis reveals that the political and economic status of Third World women is anything but uniform. Their position varies considerably from region to region and country to country. Within individual countries, the condition of women differs according to their social classes or ethnicity. Three factors seem most relevant in this regard: the prevailing cultural values, a region or nation’s level of socioeconomic modernization, and the type of political regime in place.