Essay about The Important Role of Lobbyists in Politics...

Public policy is the course of actions taken by the government that includes laws, plans, actions and the behavior of the government. The most effective way to influence public policy would be to lobby for the interest group that supports the problem that needs to be addressed by society and the government. Interest groups are organizations of people with shared goals to influence specific public policies, such as the National Rifle Association wanting to protect gun rights. The representatives for these particular interest groups are called lobbyists, whom are registered to inform the Clerk of the House and the Secretary of the Senate of the issue or laws being addressed, what agencies/branches of the government are being contacted, and†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, lobbyist’s information must be legitimate and neutral, for that misrepresentation of facts and extreme bias may cause them to permanently lose access to politicians and end their careers. In addition to the lobbyist’s individual objective, they are also trusted in other law making processes. Lobbyists are invited to congressional trials to testify different sides to the issue currently being discussed. Their information provides opposing or supporting arguments, so being well prepared and honest is important in aiding vital legislations to be passed or denied with their help. It is also shown how lobbyists and interest groups are essential through the general law making process. In fact, their research teams helps congress and are responsible for drafting over half of all the legislations. The duties and responsibilities of these lobbyists are fulfilled by their devotion to hard and honest work with people from all levels of government and society. In order to be an employed lobbyist, they must spend more than 20 percent of their time serving the interest of their clients. Thus, they are often working forty to eighty hours a week with politicians and the community to rese arch, illustrate, and persuade their positions. Because lobbyists are usually ex-politicians, they have friends in congress or within the executive branch that they are able to meet casually for parties and dinners toShow MoreRelatedGovernment + Food Industry = ? Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesissues in society. Yet, I doubt our founding fathers thought about the idea that the food industry could one day somewhat control our government, which is what we are now facing. Marion Nestles’ arguments in the book Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health deal with how large food companies and government intertwine with one another. She uses many logical appeals and credible sources to make the audience understand the problem with this intermingling. In The Politics of FoodRead MoreTackling Environmental Problems Today Is More Difficult997 Words   |  4 Pagesdaily by political pundits one issue that equally important is usually placed on the backburne r due to political posturing the health of the planet. â€Å"Tackling environmental problems today is more difficult because the nature of the problems has changed: where such problems were once primarily scientific and technocratic in nature, they are now almost exclusively problems of politics†. (Turin) This posturing has become a major issue for society and could lead to dire consequences in the future.Read MoreLobbying and United States3946 Words   |  16 Pagesinterest that exist in all societies. Politics and interests are inseparable. The common goals and sources of interest groups vary widely in their form and lobbying strategies both within and across the globe. This article provides a broad overview that explains the role that interest groups play in society. An interest group is usually a formally organized association that seeks to influence public policy through lobbying. The most important lobbying forces in any society are the various entitiesRead MoreFeatures of Decision Making in a Political System2405 Words   |  10 PagesWHAT FEATURES OF DECISION MAKING IN POLITICAL SYSTEMS INFLUENCE THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS? INTRODUCTION The changing role of law and the need to relate with a transforming society and its citizens has led to a demand on decision making in political systems (Bijsterveld 2010). Due to the variance in the decision making of these systems, interest groups carry out their public affairs (PA) activities in a plethora of ways (Baumgartner 2007) as features such as type of political system, structureRead MoreThe Effects of Pressure Groups on the Government Essay example2250 Words   |  9 Pagespressure groups aim to protect or advance a shared interest. 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As the topic suggests whether everyone and everything is political in this case there is no right or wrong way to argue this point. But I think the best way to approach this essay is to understand the meaning of Politics. What is politics? Politics is an emotive word and can be used in different context by different people. According to Jef Huysmans (2005) Politics is a contest of power and valuesRead MoreAmerican Interest Groups3651 Words   |  15 Pagesof an interest group: â€Å"An interest group is any group that is based in one or more shared attitudes and makes certain claims upon other groups or organisation in the society.† In other words, an interest group is a like company defending its interests with very precise methods. Interest groups are present in all branches of society. They can concern lots of issues, or even just one. For example there are interest groups in areas such as agriculture, economics and labour to mention just a few. 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The Digital Native - 1470 Words

The research introduced in The ‘digital native’ in context: tensions associated with importing Web 2.0 practices into the school setting stands on the constructivist epistemology combined with an interpretivist perspective. Indeed, its main goal aims to understand the nature and extent of importing tools (such as Web 2.0) from everyday settings (such as home) into a more structured context (such as a school). Deep interests in the students’ use of Web 2.0 in and out school and their engagement with this technology emerge from the research. However, trying not to ignore social realities such as the lack of access to technologies and poor technology training, the research also adapts a flavour of social constructivism. It seeks the†¦show more content†¦First, reality cannot be discovered because it does not exist prior to its social appearance. Second, individuals construct meanings through interactions with each other and within their environment. And thir d, significant learning occurs when people are engaged in social actions (Kim, 2001). Delving into the research would lead to make a scrupulous review of the criteria of credibility and integrity, which will be directly related to this qualitative research in the field of digital education. Creswell (2013) suggested that ‘a qualitative research includes emerging questions and pro ¬cedures, data analysis inductively done, and interpretations of the meaning of the data.’ Here the researcher stood as much a part of the process as the participants and data they provided (Corbin Strauss, 2015). Therefore, this research finds different ways to connect the researcher and his research participants, to see the world of social and cognitive commonalities among young people and the Web 2.0 tools, and to enjoy playing with words through thematic analysis. From the previous assumptions, it may be reasonable to suppose that this research was mainly framed in terms of using words with open-ended questions (interview questions) in order to understand and discover the meaning students ascribe to a particular social situation. The use of grounded theory, as the research design, guided the process, so

Music Therapy Healthcare Intervention

Question: Discuss about theMusic Therapy for Healthcare Intervention. Answer: Music Therapy in a Criminal Setting Music therapy refers to a healthcare intervention in which music therapists apply the use of medically approved music in delivering care to the patients. For quality delivery, the music therapists should be well trained and licensed by the relevant authorities. Music therapy is not an alternative form of medicine, but a multidimensional intervention suitable for a wide range of patients including prisoners, students, or mentally-ill patients of all ages (Chen, Leith, Aar, Manger Gold 2016). This is necessary because music therapy has been found to be an effective expressive therapy that has been playing a significant role in safeguarding the patients mental, social and physical needs. When delivering music therapies, a therapy can organize for individual or group sessions in which the patients are expected to participate by singing, listening, dancing, or playing instruments that are of interest to them. During individual therapy, each patient is given an opportunity to rely on the therapist to learn the expected skills (Loewy, Stewart, Dassler, Telsey Homel 2013). On the other hand, group therapy is designed to serve certain groups of patients who are expected to be guided by a therapist in using music to meet identified needs. Evidence shows that the use of music therapy in the prisons has been so successful. Its use in the criminal settings has helped in helping the inmates to deal with many challenges that affect them on day-to-day basis thanks to the efforts of music therapists who have been guided by the principle of professionalism and prioritized the interests of the patients in discharging their duties. Effectiveness Research has established that music therapy can be quite effective in the criminal setting. For very years, music therapy has been a popular intervention in many prisons. Its use has been receiving much support because of the following benefits: First, music therapy has been playing a significant role in enabling the prisoners to reduce stress. It is a common knowledge that prisoners are ordinary people who have been thrown into jail for one reason or the other. The conditions of living, treatment, type of food eaten, seclusion, and isolation from their family members and friends cause a lot of stress to the prisoners. Very many inmates get depressed because they are deprived of the fundamental rights such as freedom of movement, speech, and association that are guaranteed by the constitution. Therefore, to help the inmates address such stressful feelings; they can be offered a music therapy (Ueda, Suzukamo, Sato Izumi 2013). As an entertaining intervention, music therapy can make it much easier for the inmates to minimize the rate of stress. This is why it has been in use in many prisons in which the inmates are expected to forget about their worries and accept to lead a stress-free life just like the rest of the people in the society. The relieving of stress can be a major milestone in the rehabilitation of inmates. Once they are freed from the yoke of trauma, the inmates can get to identify the realities of life, gain self-awareness and acceptance. Secondly, music therapy can be effective in the prison setting because it can give the inmates an opportunity to eradicate the problem of loneliness. Loneliness is a reality that many prisoners have to reckon with. Although all prisoners feel lonely, the degree of loneliness may worsen depending on the type of sentence a prisoner is serving. Offenders convicted for capital offenses such as murder, robbery with violence and terrorism might be put in isolation. This can make them to be lonely hopeless inmates who feel that they are not needed in the society. Indeed, such a challenge of loneliness can be addressed by using music therapy. When the therapists opt for a group music therapy, the inmates can come together and enjoy the therapy as a group (Ueda, Suzukamo, Sato Izumi 2013). This can enable them to interact with one another, build cordial relationships with the therapists and fellow inmates as they get to sing and listen to sweet melodious songs of their choice. However, if le ft to wallow in perpetual loneliness, the inmates lose their social skills and end up becoming antisocial people who can no longer cope up with life out of prison. Thirdly, music therapy can be of great value in the prisons because it can help in addressing the problem of addiction. Despite the fact that not all inmates are jailed for drug abuse, research has revealed that a large number of inmates are battling addiction. Meaning, addiction is one of the major challenges that the prison officers are expected to deal with. Prison setting can make inmates vulnerable to drug addiction because it provides a platform for addicts to interact with non-drug users who might end up getting swayed to drug abuse even after the end of the jail terms (Bunt Hoskyns 2013). One of the proven ways to address addiction is by offering a well organized music therapy. Both individual and group music therapies can be invaluable assets in fighting drug addiction in the prison. Individual and group music therapies can give the inmate a chance to relax, get sensitized, and feel relieved. Through this, the inmates can get to know the dangers of drug addiction and the po ssible ways of stopping drug use. However, this can only be accomplished if the therapist organizes for a one-on-one session with the inmates and allows them to relax, enjoy music and meditate about the imminent challenge of drug addiction that has been troubling their lives. In addition, music therapy, if properly utilized in the prison setting, can play a significant role in assisting the inmates to boost their emotional healings. A large number of prisoners do not have normal emotional feelings. It has been established that many prisoners do not cooperate because of the emotional challenges. Some of them find it hard to freely interact with their colleagues and prison officers because of their temperament (Zhou, Li, Li, Liu, Dang, Wang Xin 2015). Highly emotional inmates are likely to physically or otherwise harm their fellow inmates or prison officers. Therefore, one intervention to use in dealing with this problem is music intervention. By 0rgaizing for periodical and well coordinated music therapy sessions, the inmates can be empowered to be in control over their emotions. Through the support of the therapists, the inmates can rely on music to know everything about emotion, its control and management. For example, when given a chance to listen to s oothing songs of their preference, the inmates can learn to be in control of the moods and thus refrain from habits that can make them to be emotionally-disturbed persons. Moreover, music therapy can be effective in correcting the behaviors of the inmates. When treating the inmates, the therapists do not only use music to entertain, but to instill acceptable and standard codes of behavior expected by the society. When a proper choice of the songs is done, inmates can get to learn about teachings on how to conduct themselves. Here, the inmates get to learn about virtues, manners, conducts and attributes to possess. In fact, music therapy can go a notch higher by enabling the inmates to listen to religious songs that can give them the necessary spiritual connection (Gold, Assmus, Hjrnevik, Qvale, Brown, Hansen, Waage Stige 2014). Once this goal is achieved, the inmates can be effectively rehabilitated to be useful people whose conducts are accepted because they are in conformity to the expected standards. It is because of this reason that music therapy can be relied upon for correcting the behavior of the inmates by making them to be accepted by others. No one can be qualified as reformed if they cannot demonstrate any form of behavior change in conformity to the societal standards. Last, but not least, music therapy can be a valuable tool in addressing the issues of the inmates cognitive development. Apart from helping the inmates to address their physical and social needs, music therapy can be a trusted tool in managing the mental development of the prisoners. The prevalence of mental illnesses has become so prevalent in the prisons since even sane inmates are highly vulnerable to mental disorders (Ueda, Suzukamo, Sato Izumi 2013). The hardships faced by the inmates definitely expose them to mental distresses. This is why experts argue that prison life makes it inevitable for the inmates to experience serious mental disorders like schizophrenia which require serious standard treatment that always lacks in the prisons. Therefore, one effective way of dealing with such challenges is providing a continuous one-on-one group and individual music therapy to the inmates. Music therapy has a relaxation and entertaining capabilities that makes it appropriate for meeti ng the inmates mental health. Methodologies Music therapy is one of the evidence-based interventions in the contemporary society. Its se has been proven to be useful in different settings. Apart from greatly contributing to the treatment of patients at the healthcare facilities, music therapy has been relied upon to address the needs of criminals. However, to be effective in reforming the inmates, music intervention has to be delivered by highly trained and experienced music therapies (Luik 2016). At the same time, there should be a proper choice of the methodology, model and approach to be adopted. However, this should be dictated by many factors such as the nature of the inmates and the level of needs which of course differ from one person to another. Individual Music Therapy For a very long time, music therapists have been engaged in delivering individual-based interventions to the inmates. Here, music therapy sessions are organized and provided to each prisoner. Individual music therapy is preferred because it treats each inmate as a unique person who has diverse needs to address. Therefore, the music therapists create enough time to design music sessions that suit them. Individual sessions can present a therapist with an ample opportunity to equip the inmates with effective social, motor, recreational, communication, and self-expression skills (Luik 2016). These are indeed capabilities that if acquired by the inmates, can enable them to reform and be in the right path of leading an acceptable life. Despite the length of the jail term one is serving, all inmates are expected to reform and go back to the society and lead a meaningful life. This is actually what music therapy can be preparing them during the entire period in the prisons. In order to successfully deliver individual music therapy, the sessions should be properly designed to suit each target client. After acknowledged individual differences in the inmates to be treated, the therapist should carry out extensive research t identify the most appropriate strategy to adopt. Meaning, the individual sessions should be as flexible as possible. To achieve this, the therapist might have to apply behavioral and cognitive models appropriate for each inmate. This is the only way through which the inmates can reap optimal benefit from the sessions. The therapist should provide a conducive and accommodative environment to enable the inmates to enjoy music by actively engaging in a series of activities (Bunt Hoskyns 2013). So, apart from listening to music during the sessions, individual inmates should also sing, analyze song lyrics, dance, write songs, and participate in playing entertaining and thought-provoking musical instruments like guitar, and piano. All in all, music therapy is a better alternative to be relied upon in addressing the plight of the prisoners. Just in the healthcare setting, criminal institutions whose main responsibility is to rehabilitate convicted criminals can greatly benefit from music therapy. If appropriately utilized, music therapy can help the inmates to regain the lost identity and be in the right path of attaining a quality life. Prison life is more challenging than a civilian life in a free society in which everyone is free to exercise their freedom without any form of restriction (Bunt Stige 2014). Apart from losing their freedom, inmates battle a series of mental disorders such as addiction, and trauma. All these are quite disturbing because they can make it hard for the inmate to cope up as expected. It is for this reason that music therapists utilize their time to professionally-handle inmates, to boost their communication, social skills, self-awareness and personal development as they prepare for a life after the prison. Group Music Therapy Apart from organizing for individual music sessions, a therapist can adopt a group intervention in which the clients are divided into different groups based on their characteristics and needs. After the creation of groups, the therapist should go ahead to design music therapy sessions for each of them. From here, the therapist should be ready to start delivering quality interventions by allowing the inmates to listen to music, dance, meditate, compose songs and play musical instruments to help them in acquiring the necessary cognitive, motor, and social skills to enable them cope up with the challenges facing them in the prison. The active involvement of inmates in group therapy can be enhanced by the playing of background music, availing devices like iPods or inviting reputable musicians to perform live before the inmates (Odell-Miller 2016). Once all these are effectively done, no inmate can feel left out because through such sessions, they get a chance to enjoy, relax and get sway ed away from depression and become socially-active. Research has proven that individual music therapy can be a fruitful intervention in the society. By offering a relaxing and entertaining scenario, group therapy can play a significant role in relieving the inmates unnecessary stressful and traumatizing feelings they might have. At the same time, since it creates a platform for many inmates to be together, it can boost the social interaction skills as well as eradicate the problem of loneliness that might has been proven to be posing a great challenge to the inmates (Gold, Assmus, Hjrnevik, Qvale, Brown, Hansen, Waage Stige 2014). With a proper application of music therapy, this will become a thing of the past because inmates will no longer spend time worrying in seclusion, but come together to learn, get entertained, rehearse and share roles with one another. If properly utilized, group music therapy can be a very important strategy in enabling the inmates to be mentally, socially and physically healthy as well as be in the right pa th of adopting a crime-free life. In a nutshell, music therapy can be of great value if delivered by trained and experienced music therapists. It is only such specialists who have a deeper understanding of the individual needs that should be met while the inmates are serving their jail terms. The other important determinant in the success of music therapy is the choice of intervention strategy. Basically, the therapist should deliver individual or group-based interventions in which the sessions are designed to suit respective target clients (Zhou, Li, Li, Liu, Dang, Wang Xin 2015). Each of these strategies is good because, if properly used, they can help in meeting the diverse needs of the inmates. Whereas individual interventions should be designed for each inmate, group therapy should be developed and tailored towards meeting needs of group of inmates whose plights can be effectively addressed using music. Whichever strategy applied, the therapist should divide the therapy into short sessions in which the inmates are guided to continuously listen to, sing along, compose songs and play musical instruments. Music Database Access all music here: https://www.umdmusic.com/default.asp?Lang=EnglishSearch=popWhere=Bands Reflective Journal A systematic review was conducted to review available resources on the effectiveness of music therapy in a prison setting. To do this, the researcher had to formulate all the relevant search words to use. The most relevant search words used are music therapy, music, therapy, prison setting, prison, setting, mental illnesses, stress, trauma and social interactions (Tuastad O'Grady 2013). After entering these words, a total of 113 results were found. These were gotten from many sources including International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, American Journal of Psychiatry, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Australasian Psychiatry, European Psychiatry, International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Evidence-Based Mental Health, and Current Psychiatry Reports. After considering the exclusion and inclusion criterion, decision was made to settle on Music Therapy for Prisoners: Pilot Randomised controlled Trial and Implications for Evaluating Psychosocial Interventions. Music Therapy for Prisoners: Pilot Randomised controlled Trial and Implications for Evaluating Psychosocial Interventions is an article that that was authored by Jrg Assmus, Christian Gold, Fiona Kirkwood Brown, Kjetil Hjrnevik, Leif Waage, Brynjulf Stige, Anita Lill Hansen and Liv Gunnhild Qvale and published by the International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology in December 2014. Here, the scholars present a research on a project carried on prisoners. The research was conducted in 2 phases. During Phase One, a cohort study was performed at a prison. After serious deliberations, the researchers opted for Bjrgvin, a Bergen-based minimum security prison. During the second phase of the project that was of course conducted in the same institution between January 2010 and December 2012 the researchers targeted a total number of 180 participants. The main objective of the study was to find out the effectiveness of music therapy in the addressing mental health challenges affecting inmates in a prison setting. From previous researches, it has been established that mental health has been a major issue of concern in prisoners (Gutgsell, Schluchter, Margevicius, DeGolia, McLaughlin, Harris, Mecklenburg Wiencek 2013). Therefore, to address it, researchers and specialists have to look for the best alternative intervention in the market. One such intervention is the music therapy that is linked to the reduction of mental illnesses as well as helping to facilitate the rehabilitation o f inmates. To adequately respond to the research question, the researchers resorted to the use of Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) in which the inmates were given an opportunity to randomly participate in the trial. Out of the total prison population, 113 inmates accepted to participate in the trial. So, they were subjected to music therapy sessions to measure the effects of music intervention in the boosting of life satisfaction, social interactions and reduction of anxiety, and depression (Wigram, Saperston West 2013). The changes in these factors were measured at the baseline and periodically fortnightly during the first, third and sixth months. However, for better results, the researchers involved two different groups of participants: the experimental and control groups. Each of these groups played a significant role in determining the extent of the impacts of music therapy on the inmates. The whole project was fully funded by a collaborative between different organizations: Helse Bergen (Regional Security Department, Division of Psychiatry), Uni helse (GAMUT), Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre, Kriminalomsorgen region vest (Bjrgvin prison), and the University of Bergen (Department of Psychology). The overall finding was that music therapy has a potential to reduce stress, anxiety and improve social skills as well as the quality of life for the (mentally-ill) inmates. For example, when the results were analyzed, it was established that (d = 0.33, p = .025) of the participants reported a reduction in the level of anxiety within 2 weeks (Chu, Yang, Lin, Ou, Lee, O'Brien Chou 2013). Significance The project was initiated and heavily funded because of the significant contributions it has in public health. As clearly stated in the research problem, the issue of mental illness has been a great challenge amongst the prisoners. So, the researchers had to dedicate their time to effectively conduct the Randomized Control Trial to determine the significance of music therapy in addressing mental health. The concept of Randomized Control Trial can be a brilliant idea if applied in psychiatry. It is one of the best intervention strategies to be applied in conducting extensive studies on various issues of public health concern. The way in which the researchers randomly choose participants and gave them freedom to voluntarily participate in the research can be so effective if replicated (McDermott, Crellin, Ridder Orrell 2013). When applied in public health, the strategy can play a significant role in ensuring that appropriate participants are identified and included in a research work. In this case, it can be possible to carry out a research that can be of public good. The other important concept from this project is about the choice of the setting, general design and the use of comparison condition during the project. As demonstrated in this research, the effectiveness of a clinical intervention can be established if the project is based in the appropriate setting. For instance, in this situation, Bjrgvin was suitable because it is a minimum security prison in which inmates have been incarcerated. At the same time, the inclusion of the experimental and control group can be appropriate in carrying out research studies. It can give the researcher a chance to conduct a study and be able to compare the changes realized in subsequent studies done after the baseline research. Lastly, the project provided insightful information on the roles of music therapy in the life of prisoners. It acts a reference point for professionals who are interested in conducting more research to find out if actually music can be an appropriate intervention in a criminal setting (Luik 2016). It can also equip one with adequate information on how to conduct such studies and get to know about the challenges involved and what measures to take to eradicate them. All these concepts can play a very significant role in conducting future researches on different public health topics in which a research-based intervention can be necessary. References Bunt, L. Hoskyns, S., 2013. The handbook of music therapy. Routledge: London. Bunt, L. Stige, B., 2014. Music therapy: An art beyond words. Routledge: London. Chen, X.J., Leith, H., Aar, L.E., Manger, T. and Gold, C., 2016. Music therapy for improving mental health problems of offenders in correctional settings: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, pp.1-20. Chu, H., Yang, C.Y., Lin, Y., Ou, K.L., Lee, T.Y., O'Brien, A.P. Chou, K.R., 2013. The impact of group music therapy on depression and cognition in elderly persons with dementia: a randomized controlled study. Biological research for Nursing, p.1099800413485410. Gold, C., Assmus, J., Hjrnevik, K., Qvale, L.G., Brown, F.K., Hansen, A.L., Waage, L. and Stige, B., 2014. Music Therapy for Prisoners Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial and Implications for Evaluating Psychosocial Interventions. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58(12), pp.1520-1539. Gutgsell, K.J., Schluchter, M., Margevicius, S., DeGolia, P.A., McLaughlin, B., Harris, M., Mecklenburg, J. and Wiencek, C., 2013. Music therapy reduces pain in palliative care patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 45(5), pp.822-831. Loewy, J., Stewart, K., Dassler, A.M., Telsey, A. Homel, P., 2013. The effects of music therapy on vital signs, feeding, and sleep in premature infants. Pediatrics, 131(5), pp.902-918. Luik, M., 2016. Group music therapy program for recidivous inmates in prison. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 25(sup1), pp.44-44. McDermott, O., Crellin, N., Ridder, H.M. Orrell, M., 2013. Music therapy in dementia: a narrative synthesis systematic review. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 28(8), pp.781-794. Odell-Miller, H., 2016. The Future of Music Therapy in Forensic and Criminal Justice Settings. Helen Odell-Miller. ENVISIONING THE FUTURE OF MUSIC THERAPY, p.53. Tuastad, L. O'Grady, L., 2013. Music therapy inside and outside prisonA freedom practice?. Nordic journal of music therapy, 22(3), pp.210-232. Ueda, T., Suzukamo, Y., Sato, M. Izumi, S.I., 2013. Effects of music therapy on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing research reviews, 12(2), pp.628-641. Wigram, T., Saperston, B. West, R., 2013. Art science of music therapy: A handbook. Routledge: London. Zhou, K., Li, X., Li, J., Liu, M., Dang, S., Wang, D. Xin, X., 2015. A clinical randomized controlled trial of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training in female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy: Results on depression, anxiety and length of hospital stay. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 19(1), pp.54-59.

Women in the 1920s free essay sample

The Nineteenth Amendment, passed in 1919, guarantees all American women the right to vote. The struggle to achieve this milestone was a long and difficult one, beginning win the 1800s with petitioning and picketing (ourdocuments. gov). Although, once it was passed, women felt a sigh of relief, as their voices were finally heard, just in time for a new era that was the 1920s. The 1920s were a time of questioning and contradictions when people, especially women, questioned the ideals of society, leading to conflicts in areas such as religion and politics among others and conflicts between modernists and fundamentalists. Ever since the Nineteenth Amendment passed in 1919, so many doors opened for women. They felt that their voices could finally be heard. It boosted a newfound confidence that made women feel like they could take a part in this culture change. Also advancing in this time period was Science. New discoveries were made, such as methods for birth control. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the 1920s or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since women did feel more freedom to express themselves and share their ideas, the modern woman’s pleas for relief from constant childbearing was heard and accepted by many women who faced the same problems. Margaret Sanger, a supporter of the Birth Control movement, writes, â€Å"Thousands of letters are sent to me every year by mothers†¦ All of them voice desperate appeals for deliverance from the bondage of enforced maternity† (Hoffman, 202). She then goes on to write a volume of letters from women, asking, or rather, begging for her advice and information about birth control. This newfound freedom of expression also felt more comfortable with the power of their sexuality. Women drank and smoked, as well as talk politics, with men, and â€Å"though few women became politicians, millions became flappers. In six years, hemlines went from ankle, where they had been for centuries, to the knee† (Hoffman, 193). Paula S. Fass writes in her essay, â€Å"Sex and Youth in the Jazz Age†, that â€Å"the new attention to sexuality colored a whole range of related behavior†¦ as the fact of freer association between the sexes was accompanied by a basic commitment to freedom of expression† (Hoffman, 210). This led to, as some saw it, major conflicts within social ideals and traditional teachings. For example, because birth control was such a radical idea and did not follow the traditional teachings, Margaret Sanger defends herself and the movement by saying, â€Å"At times I have been discouraged and disheartened by the deliberate misrepresentation of the Birth Control movement by the opponents, and by the crude tactics used to combat it. But at such moments invariably comes back into my mind the vision of the enslaved and supplicant mothers of America (Hoffman 202). Although there were forces repelling against the new era of the 1920s and all the new ideas that came with it, most people saw these changes as progressive. They saw the 1920s as an opportunity to take a step forward, which is why the modernist way of thinking prevailed and progressed to later decades. Women were clearly the defining aspect to the new era of the 1920s.